Definition of Management
“Management is the
process of designing and maintaining of an environment in which individuals
working together in groups efficiently accomplish selected aims”.
Koontz and weihrich
“Management
is the art of knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is done in
the best and cheapest way.”F.W.Taylor
Management --- Science or an Art What
is science?
The following characteristics
are essential for a subject to be recognized as a science.
o
The existence of a systematic body of knowledge with array of principles.
o
Based on scientific enquiry.
o
Principle should be verifiable.
o
Reliable basis for predicting future
events.
Management as
a discipline fulfills the science criterion. The application of these
principles helps any practicing manager to achieve the desired goals.
Management is a dynamic subject in that it has heavily from economic,
psychology, sociology, mathematics and engineering. Management is multi
disciplinary in nature.
Science
classified in to two types. There are exact science and inexact science. Exact
science where the results are accurate. In the case of management it is an
inexact science.
Management is inexact science because
v
Every organizations human resources are different attitudes,
aspirations and perceptions. So standard results may not be obtained.
v
Readymade and standard solutions cannot be obtained.
v
Management is complex and unpredictable.
v
Every organization decisions are influenced by the environment. The
environment is so complexes and unexpected changes.
What is an art?
Art means application
of skill in finding a desired result. Art is the way of doing things
skillfully. Management is an art because of the following facts.
§
Management process involves the use of practical knowledge and personal skills.
§
Management is creative.
§
Application of practical
knowledge and certain skills helps to achieve concrete results.
Management is both – science and an art:
Management is
a science because it contains general principles. It is also and art because it
requires certain personal skills to achieve desired results.
Is Management a Profession?
According to
McFarland, following are the characteristics of profession:
1.
Existence of an organised and systematic knowledge.
2.
Formalized methods of acquiring training and experience
3.
Existence of an association with professionalization as its goal.
4.
Existence of an ethical code to regulate the behaviour of the members
of the profession.
5.
Charging of fees based on service , but with due regard for the
priority of service over the desire for monetary reward.
Management, does not posses all the above characteristics of a
profession. Unlike medicine or law, Management does not have any fixed norms of
managerial behaviour. There is no uniform code of conduct or licensing of
managers. Further the entry to managerial jobs is not restricted to individuals
with a special academic degree only. In the light of this analysis we can
conclude that management cannot be called a profession.
MANAGEMENT AND
ADMINISTRATION
The two terms „Management‟ and „ Administration‟ are used interchangeably.There
is a lot of controversy on the use of these two terms.
1.
Administration is above management:
Many management experts like Oliver Shelton, Milward, Lansberg, etc
are view that administration is higher-level activity. Administration is
concerned with decision - making and policy formulation, while management is
concerned with the execution of what has been laid down by the administrators.
2.
Administration is a part of management:
According to E.F.L.Breech
“management is the generic term for total process of executive control involving responsibility
for effective planning and guidance of the operations of an
enterprise.Administration is the part of management which is concerned with the installation and
carrying out of the procedure by which
the programme is laid down and communicated and the progress of activities is resulted and checked against
plans. This breech concerns administration as part of management.
3.
Administration and managemnt are the same:
The third
view is a more practical one, where there is no distinction between the two
terms „management‟ and „administration‟. Management is used for higher level
functions
like plans, organizing,
directions and controlling in a business organization where as administration is
used for the same set of functions in government organizations.
Sl.no
|
Administration
|
Management
|
1.
|
It is the higher level functions
|
It is the lower level functions
|
2.
|
It refers to the owners of
the organization
|
It refers the employees
|
3.
|
Administration is concerned with decision making
|
Management is concerned with execution of decision
|
4.
|
It acts through the
management
|
It acts through the
organization
|
5.
|
Administration
lays down broad policies and principles for guidance
|
Management executes these
policies into practice.
|
ARTICLE BY MONDAY DESMOND
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